Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment found in bile, a fluid produced by the liver. It is a product of the breakdown of red blood cells and is eliminated from the body through the stool. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood are an indicator of liver disease, gallbladder disease, or a blockage of the bile duct. In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid, an enzymatic process that allows the pigment to be water soluble. This allows the bilirubin to be transported through the bile ducts and eliminated in the stool. When this process is disrupted, the bilirubin can be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, resulting in elevated levels of bilirubin known as jaundice. When a person has jaundice, their skin and eyes may take on a yellowish hue. In newborns, jaundice can be caused by an immature liver, which can lead to a condition known as neonatal jaundice. This is a common condition, and typically resolves on its own within a few weeks. In adults, elevated levels of bilirubin can be an indication of liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, gallbladder disease, or a blockage of the bile duct. It is important to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of the elevated bilirubin in order to prevent further damage to the liver or other organs. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery, depending on the cause.