Stomach & Duodenum

Stomach & Duodenum disorders encompass a wide range of inflammatory, infectious, functional, and neoplastic conditions affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, which plays a critical role in digestion and nutrient regulation. The stomach is responsible for mechanical digestion and acid-mediated breakdown of food, while the duodenum facilitates neutralization of gastric acid and initiates absorption of key nutrients through interaction with bile and pancreatic enzymes. Disruption of these functions can lead to significant clinical symptoms and complications. Common conditions involving the stomach and duodenum include gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, functional dyspepsia, and duodenitis, frequently associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, stress-related mucosal injury, and acid hypersecretion. Patients typically present with epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Chronic inflammation may progress to complications such as ulcer perforation, gastric outlet obstruction, or, in some cases, gastric malignancy. Diagnosis relies on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which allows direct visualization, biopsy, and therapeutic intervention when required.