Achalasia

Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus, a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It is characterized by a muscular abnormality of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents the esophagus from emptying correctly. As a result, food and liquid may remain in the esophagus and cause difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and regurgitation. The exact cause of achalasia is unknown, but it is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Achalasia is typically diagnosed with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or barium swallow. An EGD is a test that uses a flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the inside of the esophagus and stomach. A barium swallow is an X-ray test that uses a special contrast material to help visualize the esophagus. This test is helpful in determining the anatomy of the esophagus and the size of the LES. Treatment for achalasia may include medications, endoscopic treatments, or surgical procedures. Medications such as nitrates, calcium channel blockers, or botulinum toxin may be used to relax the LES muscles and make swallowing easier. Endoscopic treatments may include dilation of the LES with a balloon or injection of botulinum toxin into the LES. Surgery may be an option for people who do not respond to other treatments. Surgery involves cutting the LES, which can help improve swallowing and reduce symptoms. Achalasia is a rare and complex disorder that can cause difficulty swallowing and chest pain. Although its cause is unknown, it is important to diagnose and treat achalasia to prevent any further complications. Treatment usually involves medications, endoscopic treatments, or surgery.